Written Reports of Mount Tambora's Eruption, Worldwide Effects of the Mount Tambora Eruption, The Year Without a Summer Was a Bizarre Weather Disaster in 1816. [5], soit des quantités bien plus importantes que pour le Krakatoa ou le Vésuve. A contemporary volcanic eruption as large as Tambora's 1815 eruption would cause catastrophic devastation with likely many more fatalities. Tambora was taller before its explosive volcanic eruption in 1815. Rumblings were felt, and a dark smoky cloud appeared atop the summit. The whole mountain turned into a flowing mass of “liquid fire”. It was the largest volcanic eruption for 1,300 years. Mount Tambora, or Tomboro, is an active stratovolcano in the northern part of Sumbawa, one of the Lesser Sunda Islands of Indonesia. The eruption and the tsunamis it triggered killed tens of thousands of people. En Europe, les Alpes suisses furent très touchées, à tel point que pendant l'été 1816, il y neigeait presque toutes les semaines. In 1815, the volcano Mount Tambora on the island of Sumbawa in the Dutch East Indies erupted in the most explosive volcanic eruption in human history. L’éruption de 1815 et ses conséquences en Indonésie. Le paroxysme de l'éruption eut lieu 5 jours plus tard, le 10 avril. By the fall of 1815, eerily colored sunsets were being observed in London. On estime que ce dérèglement climatique fut à l'origine d'une famine qui fit plus de 200 000 victimes sur la Terre . But he noted that on the evening of April 10 extremely loud explosions were heard and large amounts of dust began to fall from the sky. It is now 2,851 metres (9,354 feet) high, having lost much of its top in the 1815 … Cette catastrophe fut à l'origine d'un refroidissement climatique général et d'« étés glacés ». However, about three years before the 1815 eruption, the mountain seemed to come to life. Mount Tambora Volcano, Sumbawa Island, Indonesia × This page contains archived content and is no longer being updated. It shook the world in many ways, some you won’t believe. Det er det eneste vulkanudbrud i klasse 7 på VEI-skalaen i historisk tid.Det er blevet beskrevet som fem gange større end udbruddet af Krakatau i 1883. However, the explosion of Mount Tambora in 1815, wiped out the sultanate of Dompu, and its people, as well as other sultanates of Tambora, Sanggar and Pekat. A Tambora egy aktív rétegvulkán Sumbawa sziget középső, északi csücskén, Indonéziában.. 1815-re az alatta lévő magmakamra megtelt, a hegy pedig az idő folyamán 4300 méter magasra nőtt. Vers 19 heures, l'activité du volcan augmenta, suivie une heure plus tard d'une pluie de ponce sur le village de Sanggar, 30 km à l'est. On 10th April 1815, Mount Tambora exploded. One letter submitted to Raffles describes how, on the morning of April 12, 1815, no sunlight was visible at 9 a.m. on a nearby island. On April 10, 1815, the Tambora Volcano produced the largest eruption in recorded history. Explosions were heard 2,000 - 3,000 kilometres away while an ash column rose 43 kilometres into the air. En 1815, le mont Tambora a connu, en Indonésie, une éruption d’une violence sans précédent. After the event, its height decreased from 14,100 On this day in 1815, Mount Tambora, seen here on April 10, 2020,by the Himawari-8 satellite produced the largest volcanic eruption ever recorded. Mount Tambora, is an active stratovolcano famous for its eruption in 1815 which was considered one of the most explosive volcanic eruptions in Earthʼs history. Space Shuttle image of Tambora (false color) taken in May 1992. Adding to the disaster's massive scale, the huge amount of dust blasted into the upper atmosphere by the Tambora eruption contributed to a bizarre and highly destructive weather event the following year. When the pyroclastic flows reached the sea, they triggered tsunamis that further devastated the surrounding areas. La misère qui en a découlé a conduit à une importante émigration vers le Brésil (plus de 2 000 personnes), qui sera à l'origine de la création par des colons suisses de la ville de Nova Friburgo en 1819. The 1815 eruption at Tambora was the largest in recorded human history. Mount Tambora became restless in 1812 and in April 1815 produced a series of major explosions that peaked on April 10-11. The Mount Pinatubo Eruption in the Philippines, Composite Volcano (Stratovolcano): Key Facts and Formation, How to Make a Homemade Volcano That Smokes, May 18, 1980: Remembering the Deadly Eruption of Mount St. Helens, Learn About the Mt. The British governor of Java, Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, who was learning an enormous amount about the native inhabitants of the local islands while writing his 1817 book History of Java, collected accounts of the eruption. Mount Tambora, also called Mount Tamboro, Indonesian Gunung Tambora, volcanic mountain on the northern coast of Sumbawa island, Indonesia, that in April 1815 exploded in the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, explosions nucléaires d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki, Didon construisant Carthage (ou la naissance de l'Empire carthaginois), les grandes crises alimentaires de 1816-1817 en Europe avec leurs émeutes de la faim, « Climactic effects of the 1815 eruption of Tambora », https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Éruption_du_Tambora_en_1815&oldid=176062156, Pages avec des arguments non numériques dans formatnum, Catégorie Commons avec lien local identique sur Wikidata, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Portail:Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers/Articles liés, Portail:Époque contemporaine/Articles liés, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. Les explosions du volcan ont été entendues à plus de 1 400 km de distance. Elle est considérée comme la deuxième éruption la plus violente des temps historiques, après celle du Samalas en 1257 (île de Lombok, Indonésie)[1] mais devant l'éruption minoenne de 1610 av. Tambora was once a tall and graceful mountain, as high as Hawaii's great volcanoes, with a shape as classic as Fujiyama's. )8 and many more people were killed (approximately 36,000 and 117,000 respectively).9 The aim of the present article is to rescue the eruption of Mt. Mount Tambora experienced several centuries of dormancy before 1815, as the result of the gradual cooling of hydrous magma in a closed magma chamber. Its 1815 explosion was possibly the most destructive ever recorded. Au cours de l'été 1816 , Lord Byron et Percy Bysshe Shelley, voyageant dans les Alpes suisses , constateront les méfaits de la famine , consécutive à cette éruption.[9]. On this day in April 1815, on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa just east of Java and Bali, the 14,000-foot-high Mount Tambora exploded and collapsed upon itself. Heavy eruptions of the Tambora volcano in Indonesia are letting up by April 17, 1815. The caldera from … Many people close to the volcano lost their lives in the event. So, what exactly does that mean? This killed tens of thousands of people around the world. Des raz-de-marée s'abattirent sur les îles à plusieurs centaines de kilomètres de distance. Il s'agit d'une des deux plus puissantes éruptions de l'époque historique[2]. While the winter of 1815 and 1816 was fairly ordinary, the spring of 1816 turned odd. The year 1816 became known as "​the year without a summer.". Mount Tambora, located on the island of Sumbawa in present-day Indonesia, is an active stratovolcano that was one of the tallest mountains in all of Indonesia before its eruption. Concernant les effets sur le climat, Michael Chenoweth a étudié les journaux de bord de la marine britannique de l'époque, et ceux du capitaine du navire L'Inconstant, qui a fait des relevés très précis[10]. A stratovolcano is a volcano characterized by its steepness and periodic explosive eruptions and quiet eruptions. Le volcanologue Haraldur Sigurðsson a étudié de façon approfondie cette éruption pendant plus de 20 ans. À Batavia (aujourd’hui Jakarta à Java, à 1 200 kilomètres du Tambora), le 5 avril au soir, un bruit ressemblant à une canonnade incita le lieutenant-gouverneur de Java à envoyer deux vaisseaux à la recherche de ce qu’il prit pour un navire en détresse. Large ash plumes rose to great heights, and pyroclastic flows swept down the flanks for several days, wiping out entire villages. It was formed due to the active subduction zones beneath it, and before its 1815 eruption, it was more than 4,300 metres (14,100 feet) high, making it one of the tallest peaks in the Indonesian archipelago. À ces victimes s'ajoutèrent celles des tsunamis, de la famine et des épidémies qui sévirent sur Sumbawa et Lombok et qui tuèrent 49 000 personnes. On the evening of April 10, 1815, the eruptions intensified, and a massive major eruption began to blow the volcano apart. Le diamètre du volcan au niveau de la mer est d'environ 60 km. The April 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora was one of the most powerful eruptions of the past 10,000 years. After years of dormancy Mt Tambora unleashed mayhem by spewing an unimaginable amount of debris into the sky, covering many kilometers of the earth’s surface with ash, and volcanic material. An administrator of the East India Company, Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles, who was serving as governor of Java at the time, published a striking account of the disaster based on written reports he had collected from English traders and military personnel. La destruction des villages alentours occasionne sans doute une centaine de milliers de victimes, davantage qu'aucune autre éruption volcanique depuis deux mille ans, y compris celle du Vésuve. What Was the Biggest Volcanic Eruption in History? On en a compté sept qui se sont étalées radialement autour du volcan et ont pénétré dans la mer jusqu'à 40 km de distance du sommet du volcan. The village of Tambora, which was near the volcano, was wiped out. Investigations by modern-day archaeologists have determined that an island culture on Sumbawa was completely wiped out by the Mount Tambora eruption. Pumice stones 20 centimetres in diameter began to fall. Seismic activity in Indonesia is monitored by the Directora… Le 6 avril, une légère chute de cendres fit comprendre aux habitants de Batavia (aujourd'hui Jakarta, à 1 260 km du volcan), que les détonations entendues la veille qui avaient motivé l'envoi de patrouilles militaires par crainte d'une attaque, étaient d'origine volcanique. History. Then, in a series of great eruptions 200 years ago this week, it lost more than one-third of its height and covered a wide swath of today's Indonesia in choking, toxic ash. L'activité volcanique tua directement 11 000 personnes. L'éruption semble avoir tué entre 61 000 et 71 000 personnes, mais certaines estimations mènent à un total de 90 000 à 117 000 morts. On April 5, 1815, the volcano began to erupt. Here are 12 Incredible facts about the 1815 … Le 10 avril 1815, en Indonésie, le volcan Tambora entre en éruption. The dust particles blasted into the upper atmosphere from Mount Tambora were carried by air currents and spread across the world. Tambora. On 10 April, 1815, Mount Tambora erupted even more violently with three columns of flaming lava rising to a great height and merging together. Tambora from oblivion and show what ecological, demographic, and economic changes this natural calamity wrought. La chute de pierres ponces dura jusqu'à 22 heures, lorsque le village de Sanggar fut ravagé par une onde de choc. À l'origine de l'année sans été, l'éruption seule tua environ 92 000 personnes. Accounts of the Tambora eruption were considerably rarer, yet some vivid ones do exist. When the island was first discovered by Europeans, the mountain was thought to be an extinct volcano. L'éruption du Tambora en 1815 est une éruption volcanique qui s'est produite sur l'île de Sumbawa, en Indonésie. A local ruler, the Rajah of Saugar, gave his account of the cataclysm to British officer Lieutenant Owen Phillips. En 1816, les moyennes des températures dans l'hémisphère nord descendirent de 0,5 °C à plus de 1 °C[8]. On April 5th, 1815, the world experienced the largest eruption in 1,300 years Mt. Viewed from a settlement about 15 miles to the east, it seemed that three columns of flames shot into the sky. La dernière estimation à ce jour du volume de téphra émis lors de l'éruption est de ~41 ± 4 km3 DRE[4] et la quantité SO2 produite serait ~60 Mt Later eruptions have been smaller. Durant les jours qui suivirent, le volcan demeura dans un état de basse activité. L'éruption cessa le 15 avril, et le 17 avril seulement, les chutes de cendres cessèrent après s'être étendues jusqu'à 1 300 km de distance, laissant un paysage dévasté sur la péninsule de Sanggar. J.-C. (île de Santorin, Grèce) et celle du Taupo en 230 (Nouvelle-Zélande). Avant l'éruption de 1815, le volcan semble avoir eu une hauteur de 4 000 m. L' éruption de 1815 a formé une caldeira de près de 6 km de diamètre et 1 110 m de profondeur. As the eruption of Mount Tambora occurred before communication by telegraph, accounts of the cataclysm were slow to reach Europe and North America. On the U.S. Geological Survey’s Volcano Explosivity Index, Tambora scores a seven out of eight. Indonesia's population has been increasing rapidly since the 1815 eruption. Már 1812 óta zaj hallatszott a vulkánból, és gyakran füstöt eregetett. It’s hard to envision the scale of the event, but it was considered the largest recorded in modern history. Mount Tambora Eruption-April 1815 In 1815, a volcanic eruption occurred that changed the world. It is on top of a subduction zone. When the volcano erupted in 1815, it climaxed on 10 April. Their people too were completely wiped out, buried under the hot clouds, ash and lava of Mt. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. The eruption and the tsunamis it triggered killed tens of thousands of people. Mount Tambora in 1815 39 km. L'éruption perturbe les récoltes comme rarement vu dans l'histoire de la culture des céréales et cause les grandes crises alimentaires de 1816-1817 en Europe avec leurs émeutes de la faim. It resulted in … Over the following four months the volcano exploded - the largest volcanic explosion in recorded history. Sur le site de l'ancien village, à l'aide de scanners, il a pu retrouver des restes d'habitations et des squelettes carbonisés ensevelis dans les cendres. The volcano, which began rumbling on April 5, killed almost 100,000 people directly and indirectly En 1815, le mont Tambora a connu, en Indonésie, une éruption d'une violence sans précédent. And the following year the weather patterns in Europe and North America changed drastically. The Rajah also described the effect of the wind unleashed by the eruption: Though it would not be apparent for more than a century, the eruption of Mount Tambora contributed to one of the worst weather-related disasters of the 19th century. Apparently describing the lava flow, the Rajah said the mountain started to appear "like a body of liquid fire, extending itself in every direction.". Le volcan à ce moment était alors surmonté d'après les témoins de trois « colonnes de flammes », en fait trois colonnes éruptives. He described three columns of flames arising from the mountain when it erupted on April 10, 1815. L'Alsace connut aussi de grandes difficultés alimentaires. Mount Tambora is a volcano located on Sumbawa, an island of Indonesia . Temperatures did not rise as expected, and very cold temperatures persisted in some places well into the summer months. The tremendous eruption of Mount Tambora in April 1815 was the most powerful volcanic eruption of the 19th century. La cendre ainsi que les aérosols sulfatés envoyés dans la stratosphère provoquèrent un hiver volcanique et firent plusieurs fois le tour de la Terre, causant, au début de l'été, de magnifiques couchers de soleil rougeoyants, peints par le peintre William Turner, notamment Didon construisant Carthage (ou la naissance de l'Empire carthaginois)[3]. There was a fear that a sea battle was being fought nearby. Tambora stood over 14,000 feet high in 1815, but when it blew its stack it hurled more than 4,000 feet off the top of it, leaving a crater more than four miles across and 2,000 feet deep. Every now and again Mount Tambora erupts. Raffles began his account of the Mount Tambora eruption by noting the confusion about the source of the initial sounds: After the initial explosion was heard, Raffles said it was supposed that the eruption was no greater than other volcanic eruptions in that region. Therefore, volcanic activity in Indonesia is continuously monitored, including that of Mount Tambora. The eruption killed between 80,000-100,000 people causing a major devastation to everyone in the world. He reported seeing numerous corpses and widespread destruction. The SO 2 spread the tropics, circled the world and it was oxidized to form H 2 SO 4 so called sulphate aerosols protecting the sunlight to reach the earth surface causing global change effects. Le 12 avril 1815, alors que l'éruption continuait, l'ombrelle éruptive s'était étendue au point qu'à 900 km de là, à Java, alors que retentissaient au loin les explosions, les premières lueurs du jour n'apparurent qu'à 10 heures et que ce n'est qu'à 11 heures que les oiseaux se mirent à chanter. Cette éruption a été une des plus violentes éruptions volcaniques depuis le début de l'histoire (avec celle récemment identifiée du Samalas), et surtout la plus meurtrière. April 10th - 15th, 1815 Mount Tambora also known as Mount Tamboro erupted killing more people than any other volcanic eruption in history. En conséquence, la colonne éruptive s'engorgea en matières et finit par s'effondrer, créant plusieurs coulées pyroclastiques de gaz surchauffés, de cendres et de pierres ponces qui donnèrent lieu à des dépôts d'ignimbrite. Le Tambora est un stratovolcan, qui forme la péninsule de Sanggar de l' île de Sumbawa, en Indonésie. The magnitude of the explosion itself is difficult to fathom. On April 10, 1815, Mount Tambora produced one of the largest eruptions in recorded history, spewing so much ash into the atmosphere that it caused global cooling. Inside the chamber at depths between 1.5 and 4.5 km (0.93 and 2.80 mi), the exsolution of a high-pressure fluid magma formed during cooling and crystallisation of the magma. On April 5, 1815, Mount Tambora, a volcano, started to rumble with activity. The magnitude of the explosion itself is difficult to fathom. Widespread crop failures caused hunger and even famine in some places. L'éruption du Tambora en 1815 est une éruption volcanique qui s'est produite sur l'île de Sumbawa, en Indonésie. Not only did the eruption shack the world by killing over 80,000 individuals but it also caused a climate change in the world. It had a significant effect on the global climate causing severe weather abnormalities. The following year, 1816, became known as the Year Without a Summer. Violent winds propelled by the eruptions struck settlements like ​hurricanes, and some reports claimed that the wind and sound-triggered small earthquakes. The 1815 Tambora eruption emitted 60 to 80 megatons of SO 2 to the stratosphere (44 km high). Stones of pumice more than six inches in diameter began to rain down on neighboring islands. The eruption of Mount Tambora thus may have caused widespread casualties on the opposite side of the world. Vers ce moment, toujours d'après les témoins, les trois colonnes fusionnèrent et la montagne ne fut plus qu'une masse de « feu liquide ». Tambora er en indonesisk vulkan der den 10. april 1815 gik i historiens største udbrud. Le 5 avril 1815 eut lieu une première éruption donnant une colonne éruptive de 33 km de hauteur et qui dura 33 h. Les gens ne quittèrent pas leur maison. A new Islamic sultanate later emerged on Dompu, but ended in the early 20th century. Elle a été bien plus forte que celle du Vésuve en 79. Lors d'une expédition difficile, il est descendu dans la caldeira du volcan. The Tambora event was the largest volcanic eruption in the last millennium. In 1815 Mount Tambora on the island of Sumbawa in the Dutch East Indies, modern day Indonesia, erupted. St. Helens Eruption That Killed 57 People, The Most Important Inventions of the Industrial Revolution. The accounts are chilling. A letter from an Englishman on the island of Sumanap described how, on the afternoon of April 11, 1815, "by four o'clock it was necessary to light candles." Tsunamis emanating from the island of Tambora destroyed settlements on other islands, killing tens of thousands of people. Cela correspond à l'élargissement du conduit d'émission dû au débit éruptif important et aux premiers stades de la formation de la caldeira. It has been estimated that Mount Tambora stood approximately 12,000 feet tall before the 1815 eruption when the top third of the mountain was completely obliterated. The island of Sumbawa, home to Mount Tambora, is located in present-day Indonesia. Aux États-Unis, les États de la côte Est furent particulièrement affectés (Maine, Nouvelle-Angleterre, Massachusetts). Mount Tambora (8°14’41”S, 117°59’35”E) is an active volcano in Indonesia. At the time of publication, it represented the best available science. Vers 10 heures du matin, une colonne éruptive de 44 km de haut monta dans le ciel, mais l'éruption dura seulement trois heures. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Cette éruption est cotée à 7 sur l'échelle d'explosivité volcanique qui en compte 8. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. Tambora, on the Indonesian island of Sumbawa, exploded the world into a new era when it erupted 200 years ago. According to a witness on an island about 10 miles to the south, the entire mountain appeared to turn into "liquid fire." L'année 1816 en particulier est restée connue comme l'« année sans été »[6],[7] : l'éruption a en effet affecté océans et tropiques, et tous les records de baisse de température ont été battus en 1815 et 1816. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 30 octobre 2020 à 16:15. Other employees of the East India Company in the region were directed by Raffles to submit reports about the aftermath of the eruption. March 6, 2009JPEG. À la suite de l'expulsion de tant de magma, le reste de la montagne s'effondra sur lui-même, et forma une grande caldeira de 6 km de diamètre et de 1 km de profondeur, diminuant ainsi l'altitude du volcan de 1 400 mètres. The disaster on the remote island of Sumbawa in the Indian Ocean has been overshadowed by the eruption of the volcano at Krakatoa decades later, partly because the news of Krakatoa traveled quickly via telegraph. Ces coulées pyroclastiques lancées dans la mer y ont généré des explosions secondaires, augmentant le volume de cendres dispersées dans l'atmosphère jusqu'à représenter la principale source de cendres volcaniques de l'éruption. The tremendous eruption of Mount Tambora in April 1815 was the most powerful volcanic eruption of the 19th century. British traders and explorers heard the sound and at first thought it to be the firing of cannon. It remained dark until the next afternoon. As of 2006, the population of Indonesia has reached 222 million people, of which 130 million are concentrated on Java. Elle eut une puissance estimée à huit fois celle de l'éruption du Vésuve, soit plus de dix mille fois les explosions nucléaires d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki en 1945. Local inhabitants were becoming ill, and many had already died of hunger. About two weeks after the eruption, a British officer sent to deliver rice to the island of Sumbawa made an inspection of the island. The sun had been entirely obscured by volcanic dust in the atmosphere.