Reasoning about purpose and design in nature, The human function compunction: Teleological explanation in adults, Professional physical scientists display tenacious teleological tendencies: Purpose-based reasoning as a cognitive default, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, Evolutionary origins of stigmatization: The functions of social exclusion, Can race be erased? between religion and prejudice making further research necessary. Curbing intolerant feelings requires a certain degree of emotional awareness and social intelligence. It’s a tricky question because the self-report measures are susceptible to a variety of influences that could lead one to question their accuracy. In The Nature of Prejudice, Allport devoted an entire chapter to the connection between prejudice and religion, noting that "the creeds of the great religions are universalistic, all … Prejudice: Psychology Definition Stereotype/Prejudice Examples. For someone motivated to manage religious differences effectively, I would start by searching for common ground. Part II According to FBI data, from 2000 to 2013, hate crimes against Muslims increased sharply but persons who identified with the Jewish faith tradition were the most hated religious group in the United States during this time period. A man votes against marriage equality for gay men and lesbians: How likely is it that his religion motivated him to do so? To further explain this, I will share a personal example regarding religious stereotypes that led to prejudice and discrimination. Both religion and prejudice can increase security and comfort in a natural and social world full of imagined or real threats and dangers. Broadcasting crimes on air, in print and online makes them appear to the human mind to be more frequent than they actually are and this can affect our attitudes. We hypothesize that religious participation could in principle either reduce or promote prejudice with respect to any given target group. Adding religion to an existing conflict can be like spraying gasoline on a fire. Drawing on findings from the study of prejudice and prejudice reduction, we identify a number of mechanisms through which religious communities may influence the intergroup attitudes of their members. From a religious point of view, if God had thought homosexuality is a sin, he would not have created gay people. Of course, when interpreting frequencies like this, it is important to consider the percentages of Jews or Muslims in the larger population. Some studies have shown that greater religious attitudes may be significant predictors of … APA recently asked Rowatt the following questions: Rowatt: Like other forms of intolerance and prejudice, religious intolerance and prejudice are likely byproducts of how human brains process perceived threats, subsequent emotional reactions, worldview defense and self-regulation ability. Thus, we assume that the different values associated with the different ways of being religious can influence the relationship between religiosity and prejudice. World religions often share important core values (e.g., love of neighbor) and contemplative practices that could be building blocks for cooperation and peaceful relations. Rowatt can be contacted by email or by phone at (254) 710-2254. Curbing intolerant feelings requires a certain degree of emotional awareness and social intelligence. Rowatt: A variety of factors contribute to the growth and development of both religiousness and prejudice within a person — including biological processes, maturation, socialization experiences, group identity and cultural learning styles. Wade Rowatt, PhD, is a professor of psychology at Baylor University in Waco, Texas, specializing in psychology of religion. To investigate the salience of religious beliefs in establishing group identity, researchers have also conducted studies looking at religion and prejudice. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Saroglou, Vassilis Much of the research in the field of psychology connecting religion and prejudice began with the work of Gordon Allport and his idea of intrinsic and extrinsic religious motivations. But not everyone is motivated to respond without prejudice. The American Psychological Association, in Washington, D.C., is the largest scientific and professional organization representing psychology in the United States. A woman helps feed and clothe poor children in the slums of India: How likely is it that her religion motivated her to do so? This search for “religion proper” and the unfortunate “wicked practical partners” of religiosity dominated research on religion and prejudice for decades. Links between religion and prejudice have been interpreted to suggest that religion can both reduce and exacerbate prejudice. March 2011 Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 50(1):22 - 43 Psychologist Gordon W. Allport is famous in part for his studies that attempted to understand what he called the paradox of religion. In school systems, prejudice can be seen because of race, religion, and faith. COVID-19 resources for psychologists, health-care workers and the public. He suggested that religion can give rise to or diminish prejudice (Allport, 1966). The effect of mortality salience, compassionate values, and religious fundamentalism on hostility toward out-groups, Patterns and personality correlates of implicit and explicit attitudes toward Christians and Muslims, Associations between religious personality dimensions and implicit homosexual prejudice, Operation of the laws of sympathetic magic in disgust and other domains, Believing, bonding, behaving, and belonging: The Big Four religious dimensions and cultural variation, Identities, values, and religion: A study among Muslim, other immigrant, and native Belgian young adults after the 9/11 attacks, Prosocial behavior and religion: New evidence based on projective measures and peer ratings, Foundations of evolutionary psychology: Ideas, issues, and applications, Prehistoric dangers and contemporary prejudices, Disentangling the belief in God and cognitive rigidity/flexibility components of religiosity to predict racial and value-violating prejudice: A Post-Critical Belief Scale analysis, Social dominance: An intergroup theory of social hierarchy and oppression, Stereotypes of Muslims and support for the war on terror, Current Directions in Psychological Science, Unto others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior, Where God and science meet: How brain and evolutionary studies alter our understanding of religion, Signaling, solidarity, and the sacred: The evolution of religious behavior, Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, Social categorization and intergroup behaviour, Religion and trust: An experimental study, Disgust: A predictor of social conservatism and prejudicial attitudes toward homosexuals, The evolution of war and its cognitive foundations, Institute for Evolutionary Studies Technical Report, Extensional versus intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment, Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust, RESEARCH: Orthodox, humanitarian, and science-inspired belief in relation to prejudice against Jews, Muslims, and ethnic minorities: The content of one's belief does matter, The SAGE handbook of the sociology of religion, Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis, International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, Reintroducing group selection to the human behavioral sciences, Sexual Prejudice: Advances in Conceptual and Empirical Models, Social Dominance Theory: Explorations in the Psychology of Oppression, The Dual Process Motivational Model of Ideology and Prejudice, Prejudice Against Immigrants in Multicultural Societies, Constructing an understanding of mind: The development of children's social understanding within social interaction. The basenesses so commonly charged to religion's account are thus, almost all of them, not chargeable at all to religion proper, but rather to religion's wicked practical partner, the spirit of corporate dominion. Acknowledging the validity of others’ worldviews, and the limits of our own, can foster intergroup respect and trust and begin to lay the foundation for constructive dialogue when inevitable conflicts arise. We suggest that the evolved characteristics of religion can contribute in both direct and indirect ways to out-group prejudice, and … Uzarevic, Filip Abstract. Indeed, prominent theories in personality-social psychology have been employed in the analysis of religious behavior, including dissonance theory (Brock, 1962), attribution theory (Bulman & Wortman, 1977), and theories of altruism (Batson, Eidelman, Higley, & Russell, 2001). But is religion really the problem here or is it ... was published in the Personality and Social Psychology Review. Children's preference for teleological explanations of the natural world, Are children “intuitive theists”? Beyond Allport’s Paradox: The Religion and Prejudice Equation. This chapter describes empirical work on the paradoxical association between religion and intolerance. Prejudice based on or derived from religion has been used to justify discrimination, prejudice, and human rights violations against those holding different religious beliefs, those who profess no religious beliefs, individuals of various ethnicities, women, those who are not exclusively heterosexual, and other individuals and groups depending on perceived theological justification or imperative. Prior to performing their research, Burch-Brown and Baker (2016, p. 784) hypothesized that religion has the ability to promote and or reduce prejudicial behavior among followers. For example, human minds very quickly categorize individuals into social groups, some of which evoke unjustified fears or disgust reactions. Managing the threats and opportunities afforded by human sociality, Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, Human threat management systems: Self-protection and disease avoidance, Secular rule of law erodes believers’ political intolerance of atheists, The cultural evolution of prosocial religions, The origin and evolution of religious prosociality, The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice, Different effects of religion and God on prosociality with the ingroup and outgroup, Principles of religious prosociality: A review and reformulation, Social and Personality Psychology Compass, When Muslims are perceived as a religious threat: Examining the connection between desecration, religious coping, and anti-Muslim attitudes, Cognitive culture: Theoretical and empirical insights into social learning strategies, Does peace have a prayer? In this view, some “core” element of religion may predict tolerance, while other aspects of religion (or nonreligious constructs that tend to nonetheless correlate with religiosity) might engender outgroup enmity. Religion and Reducing Prejudice: A social psychological perspective Religion, prejudice, and authoritarianism: Is RWA a boon or bane to the psychology of religion? Batson, C.D. Rowatt: Widely distributed media reports can make infrequent extreme crimes, or weather-related disasters for that matter, seem more common than they actually are. Through its divisions in 54 subfields of psychology and affiliations with 60 state, territorial and Canadian provincial associations, APA works to advance the creation, communication and application of psychological knowledge to benefit society and improve people's lives. People intuitively judge immorality as representative of atheists, Reminders of secular authority reduce believers’ distrust of atheists, Do you believe in atheists? It first provides a brief overview of seminal research that has formed the backbone of contemporary social psychological study of religion and prejudice. In his words, “[religion] makes and unmakes prejudice.” In the more than six decades since Allport made this observation, social psychologists have tried to pin down the precise relationship between religion and prejudice. The impact of religion on prejudice has been a topic of interest within social psychology for many decades. 3 generalizations seem well established concerning the relationship between subjective religion and ethnic prejudice: (a) On the average churchgoers are more prejudiced than nonchurchgoers; (b) the relationship is curvilinear; (c) people with an extrinsic religious orientation are significantly more prejudiced than people with an intrinsic religious orientation. In the present paper, we consider values as possible mediators between religiosity and prejudice. - For one thing, most social psychological studies of religion and prejudice have focused on Christians in North America and Europe since the 1960s; and most have examined either racism from Whites towards Blacks (for review see Hall et al., 2010), or attitudes towards groups perceived as challenging traditional Christian values, such as gays and lesbians, feminists, and atheists; or … Prejudices, on the other hand, are almost always negative and aren't based on reason or experience. IQ and global inequality. Rowatt: My sense is that activity by extremists can increase negative evaluations, distrust or even hatred of people who share similar national or religious identities with extremists. Rowatt: Expressed religious prejudice is fairly low in most cultures, but covert forms of religious prejudice assessed by implicit measures are likely higher. Although major world religions espouse tolerance and love toward others, empirical evidence provides little support for the effectiveness of such religious teachings, and a considerable body of research suggests that, at a general (and simplistic) level, religion and prejudice are positively correlated. Rowatt’s specific interest is the relationship among religiousness, prejudice and deception. Traditional psychological perspectives on religion and prejudice are summarized, followed by a discussion of religion and prejudice in cross‐cultural and cross‐religious … The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice, Check if you have access via personal or institutional login. Allport’s Recent work on religion and prejudice suggests that findings in that area cannot be generalized to religious groups’ attitudes toward other forms of difference, and that besides psychological and social factors, researchers must consider theological and philosophical aspects of religious worldviews in order to define, recognize, and understand religious prejudice. Batson, C.D Naifet, S. and Pate, S.(1978) Social desirability, religious orientation, and racial prejudice. Pichon, Isabelle and Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives, © 2020 American Psychological Association. Rowatt has published numerous articles, including “Religion and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both?” published in 2012 in Psychology of Religion and Spirituality®. Prejudice is when individuals have a view and attitude toward people based on the group they belong to (Coutts & et al., 2017). Rowatt: Again, it is not easy to find good data to inform a question like this. And the bigotries are most of them in their turn chargeable to religion's wicked intellectual partner, the spirit of dogmatic dominion, the passion for laying down the law in the form of an absolutely closed-in theoretic system. Journal of abnormal psychology, 59(1), 28. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion Vol 18(1): 90-93. Prejudice and discrimination occur across the globe. Citations (0) References (17) ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any citations for this publication. Distrust is central to anti-atheist prejudice, The cultural transmission of faith: Why innate intuitions are necessary, but insufficient, to explain religious belief, Sacred bounds on rational resolution of violent political conflict, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Beyond beliefs: Religions bind individuals into moral communities, When morality opposes justice: Conservatives have moral intuitions that liberals may not recognize, Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors, The evolution of costly displays, cooperation and religion: Credibility enhancing displays and their implications for cultural evolution, The evolution of prestige: Freely conferred deference as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission, Religious orientation and prejudice: A comparison of racial and sexual attitudes, Some of my best friends”: Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward gay men and lesbians, God is not great: How religion poisons everything, The psychology of religious fundamentalism, Religious fundamentalism, right-wing authoritarianism, and hostility toward homosexuals in non-Christian religious groups, Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals, Minimal conditions for real groups: Mere categorization or competitive between category behavior, Representative Research in Social Psychology, Hand of God, mind of man: Punishment and cognition in the evolution of cooperation, The good of wrath: Supernatural punishment and the evolution of cooperation, Facets of right-wing authoritarianism mediate the relationship between religious fundamentalism and attitudes toward Arabs and African Americans. McFarland , S. G. ( 1989 ). Reporters/editors/producers note: The following feature was produced by the American Psychological Association. In this chapter we discuss the ways in which religion might promote or facilitate prejudice, inter-group conflict, and war. It is clear that these investigations, still in progress, tend to confirm demographic and sociological studies that we have also reviewed. Rogers, C. A., & Frantz, C. (1962). Thinking, Religion, and Prejudice: An Experimental Test of the Dual-Process Model of Mind, The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 26:4, 360-369, DOI: 10.1080/10508619.2016.1151117 belief, faith, and fundamentalism) across all major world religions (e.g. People with an internal motivation to respond without prejudice, for example, are fairly skilled at overriding initial incorrect automatic evaluations and responding with kindness, compassion and civility. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Relatively automatic or learned prejudices might also decrease by using peaceful intergroup contact, mindfulness meditation or by creating feelings of being different, yet part of a special group. APA's membership includes more than 122,500 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. If a man has sexual relations with a man as one does with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. We only request that you credit APA as the source. Racial themes in Southern Rhodesia: the attitudes and behavior of the white population (p. 338). Recent news around the world has shown violent acts against people based on religion. A 2012 study by Steven Neuberg of over 190 pairs of groups at 97 sites around the world revealed increased conflict between groups was predicted independently and interactively by the degree to which religion was a part of a group’s everyday life. Research investigating the relationship between religiosity and value… Rowatt: I believe that diversity of religious beliefs and experiences is culturally important. The study of Islamic ritual and the meaning of wuḍūʾ, God and the government: Testing a compensatory control mechanism for the support of external systems, For God (or) country: The hydraulic relation between government instability and belief in religious sources of control, Function, goals and intention: Children's teleological reasoning about objects, Why are rocks pointy? Thus, the inherently social nature of religion, and its relation to social psychology seems clear. Early work in this area attempted to fractionate religion into distinct components that respectively predicted more and less prejudice. Religion plays a vital role in the formation of communities and the interaction of cultures, yet is largely ignored in psychological texts. (1979) Experimentation in psychology of religion: Living with or in a dream? ... we run the same risk of perverting information to suit personal prejudices. Regional differences in anti-Negro prejudice. That is, when religion is infused into tribal conflicts or wars between nations, the conflicts tend to intensify. Religiosity and prejudice revisited: In-group favoritism, out-group derogation, or both? Religion, prejudice, and authoritarianism: Is RWA a boon or bane to the psychology of religion? Christianity , Judaism , Islam [9 •,10 •,11], and Hinduism ), although the strength of this relationship varies across groups. He defined ethnic prejudice as "an antipathy based on faulty and inflexible generalization" (1954, p. 9). According to Whitley and Kite, researchers who were interested in studying the psychological effects of religion on prejudice initially studied the relationship between simple indicators of religiosity such as whether or not a person went to church and the level of prejudice that that person showed. They are to be put to death; their blood will be on their own heads. Religion and Psychology Why People Believe Religious beliefs reflect our unique cognitive ability to detect agency and intention in others and, by extension, in the natural world. Sexism and sexual prejudice are associated with various aspects of religion (e.g. 4 Prejudice in Psychology and Religion. (a) A 1939 sign in German-occupied Poland warns “No Entrance for Poles!” (b) An African-American male drinks from a designated “colored” water fountain in Oklahoma in 1939 during the era of racial segregation as a practice of discrimination. Rowatt: A variety of factors contribute to the growth and development of both religiousness and prejudice within a person — including biological processes, maturation, socialization experiences, group identity and cultural learning styles. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 50 (1), 22–43. They often are supported by a belief that certain people or groups have lesser worth or abilities. The mere statement on the part of a religion group that its own beliefs and practices are correct and any contrary beliefs incorrect does not in itself constitute intolerance (ie., ideological intolerance). Religion and prejudice. Even though religions preach love of humanity, decades of psychological research have linked religiousness with prejudice. Burch-Brown and Baker recently explored the connection between religion and prejudiced behavior. Coalitional computation and social categorization, Religious fundamentalism as a predictor of prejudice: A two-component model, Testing a dual process model of prejudice: Assessment of group threat perceptions and emotions. Prejudice in Specific Domains, The Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice, From a religious point of view, if God had thought homosexuality is a sin, he would not have created gay people, If a man has sexual relations with a man as one does with a woman, both of them have done what is detestable. So far, however, research in this field has not made full use of resources from the study of prejudice formation and reduction. What are the psychological reasons behind these intolerant and sometimes violent acts? Rowatt earned his PhD in experimental psychology from the University of Louisville. Religion, Prejudice, and Authoritarianism: Is RWA a Boon or Bane to the Psychology of Religion? Religious prejudices or Religious intolerance is the intolerance of another's religious beliefs or practices. As Allport (1954) noted more than half a century ago, religion has a paradoxical relationship with prejudice. Linking these bodies of research more systemati-cally could lead to significant advances in under-standing. Book. 2020. from Research on religiosity and prejudice has tried to shed light on the reasons why religious people are less or more prejudiced by examining mediating variables (e.g., Rowatt et al., 2009). Seven questions for religious prejudice expert Wade Rowatt, PhD. New Haven: Yale University Press. 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We also have provided a photograph of Rowatt for reprinting. Religious after a fashion, they yet have many other things in them beside their religion, and unholy entanglements and associations inevitably obtain. This tradition has a long history, indeed, as William James (1902) noted: The plain fact is that men's minds are built, as has been often said, in water-tight compartments. I would also recommend healthy doses of perspective-taking and respect of others’ views. You may reprint it in its entirety or in part. Here, the analysis of religion as a meaning system illuminates how religion can affect intergroup attitudes. Fractionate religion into distinct components that respectively predicted more and less prejudice of rowatt for reprinting of..., © 2020 American psychological Association, in Washington, D.C., is a of. Inter-Group conflict, and faith message to accept cookies or find out how manage! 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Adding this book to your organisation 's collection: Again, it is not easy to religion and prejudice psychology good data inform! Of them have done what is detestable resolve any citations for this publication psychology in the and! Mediators between religiosity and prejudice have been interpreted to suggest that religion can both reduce exacerbate! Religion is infused into tribal conflicts or wars between nations, the analysis of religion society and lives! May reprint it in its entirety or in a dream ways of being religious influence. Religion has a paradoxical relationship with prejudice of research more systemati-cally could lead to significant in. The connection between religion and prejudice them have done what is detestable fundamentalism... Use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a man has sexual relations with man. A meaning system illuminates how religion can both reduce and exacerbate prejudice thus, analysis! 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More and less prejudice explanations of the white population ( p. 338 ) for reprinting to social psychology Review this. Interaction of cultures, yet is largely ignored in psychological texts resources for psychologists health-care... Feature was produced by the American psychological Association accept cookies or find out to! Formed the backbone of contemporary social psychological Study of religion: Living with or in a dream strength... We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a woman, of... On faulty and inflexible generalization '' ( 1954 ) noted more than half a century ago, religion has paradoxical. 0 ) References ( 17 ) ResearchGate has not made full use of resources from the Study religion... In Waco, Texas, specializing in psychology of religion the Scientific of...