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There is also an element of prestige associated with STEM degrees, making pride a motivating factor for choosing the field as well. First, the effect size was very small, and the result was not replicated in Study 2. Hulleman, C. S., and Harackiewicz, J. M. (2009). STEM represents science, technology, engineering and maths. I chose to frame the arts more widely to include the humanities, and asked the attendees: How do we identify the challenges we wish to work on? Association of American Colleges Universities (2013). The results of the RWA analysis (Supplementary Figure 2) indicated that perception of interest fit accounted for 87, 50, 23, and 10% of the explained variance for work satisfaction, life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, and personal income, respectively. Table 1. Bachelor's Degrees in the Humanities. I know that depiction is too simplistic; but, it helps explain why people like Gale don’t view STEM experts as … The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feduc.2019.00143/full#supplementary-material. (1987). Humanities, those branches of knowledge that concern themselves with human beings and their culture or with analytic and critical methods of inquiry derived from an appreciation of human values and of the unique ability of the human spirit to express itself. Dir. Bentley University (2014). 30, 207–216. BurningGlass (2013). For instance, a report by the American Academy of Arts Sciences (2013) claimed that the humanities “go beyond the immediate and instrumental to help us understand the past and future…They are critical to our pursuit of life, liberty, and happiness” (p. 13). doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x. Integrative elaboration of the congruence theory. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Available online at: https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2016-01-29/in-kentucky-a-push-for-engineers-over-french-lit-scholars (accessed October 17, 2017). Rev. The nature and power of interests. The emphasis on STEM programs and jobs has permeated politics, education, and the workforce system. While personal income is positively linked to emotional and cognitive well-being, research has shown that there is satiation point, beyond which limited gain or even lower life evaluation is reported (Jebb et al., 2018). The years following the Great Recession only heightened this rhetoric of divergence. This publication was made possible through the support of a grant from Templeton Religion Trust. New York, NY: Sustainable Development Solutions Network. First, the data used in this research is single-source and cross-sectional in nature, which limits our ability to draw causal conclusions. “Within the sciences, one can learn about what happens when tiny particles collide, which can open the window into the universe,” Gerald Greenberg observed. On the other hand, as expected, major field was only a significant predictor of personal income (b = 0.32, p < 0.01), but not work satisfaction, life satisfaction, or financial satisfaction. Kentucky Gov. The results of the regression analysis indicated that, STEM majors had higher levels of personal income (b = 0.28, p < 0.001), and slightly higher levels of life satisfaction (b = 0.06, p < 0.001). Much has been made of the so called 'debate' between the liberal arts and STEM, despite the fact that one field does not overshadow the other. Growth in Science and Engineering (SandE) Bachelor's Degrees by Gender Between 2009-2013. J. Couns. Rounds, J., and Su, R. (2014). Cohen, P. (2016, February 21). Behav. doi: 10.1177/1094428104266510. Available online at:https://www.humanitiesindicators.org/content/indicatordoc.aspx?i=34 (accessed October 17, 2017). We propose that perception of interest fit is more important than the domain itself per se. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});Although strict academic definitions seem to drastically differentiate STEM and humanities, the two are naturally associated with one another. STEM is as much a humanist field as it is a scientific one and, in denying this, “STEM Only” advocates are inhibiting the very field they feign to promote. This list of humanities majors with successful careers, both within and beyond what they studied, is endless. (2005). Accordingly, we seek to understand the extent to which congruence between individuals' interests and their occupation is important and predictive of important well-being outcomes (i.e., work satisfaction, life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, and personal income) as compared to STEM or humanities educational track. Behav. (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});Hanging up the gloves in this brutal battle will be no easy task. (2015). Society artificially designed the feud, meaning student must not let the STEM versus humanities fight influence their academic path. That is, for individuals to flourish, the decision to pursue a major (e.g., STEM vs. Humanities) is best to be based on their interests rather than the major's income potential. Educ., 17 December 2019 Interaction plot (Supplementary Figure 1) and regions of significance analysis suggested that when the perception of fit is high, there is no difference in work satisfaction of STEM majors compared to humanities; however, when the fit is low, individuals with STEM majors have lower work satisfaction compared to those in the humanities. eval(ez_write_tag([[728,90],'studybreaks_com-box-3','ezslot_1',118,'0','0']));“I don’t believe you can separate facts from values,” Frederick Turner, a literature professor at the University of Dallas, told C&EN. Meta-analysis of the relationship between congruence and well-being measures. doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(89)90042-0. As society places bets on which discipline will deliver the knockout blow, an entire history of academia hangs in the balance. J. University of Houston. Humanities Gains at Community Colleges New data released by the academy about community colleges may be more encouraging to humanities professors. NB and JP provided critical feedback. More important than careers and job success, however, is the interest of students. Available online at: https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2013/01/30/north-carolina-governor-joins-chorus-republicans-critical-liberal-arts. Between 2009 and 2013, the percentage of students graduating with science and engineering degrees increased by 20% (Tizon, 2013), while the percentage of those graduating with degrees in the humanities decreased (Humanities Indicators, 2017). doi: 10.5465/amr.2001.4378011, Keywords: STEM, humanities, interest fit, well-being, income, Citation: Vaziri H, Tay L, Parrigon S, Bradburn NM and Pawelski JO (2019) STEM or Humanities? The implications of radically favoring STEM and discouraging humanities is detrimental both to society and individual students. Thi… College graduates self-reported their major field. What matters is what they learn, and how they learn, throughout the educational process. Gender gaps in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) college majors receive considerable attention, and it is increasingly recognized that not all STEM majors are equal in terms of gender disparities ([ 1 ][1]–[ 4 ][2]). Facts & Figures The debate over the role of the humanities in higher education and American life reached new fervor this summer with the publication of several high profile reports and articles. Available online at: https://www.humanitiescommission.org/_pdf/Hum_Report_Card.pdf (accessed October 17, 2017). The Stanford Humanities Center (2017) also asserts that “through exploration of the humanities, we learn how to think creatively and critically, to reason, and to ask questions.” In doing so, they also rely on recent studies indicating that the majority of hiring managers believe candidates' soft skills (e.g., communication skills, critical thinking, and intercultural skills), which are considered inherent in a humanities education at the highest level, are more important than their major (Association of American Colleges and Universities, 2013) and as important as their technical skills (Bentley University, 2014). HV and SP analyzed the data. Despite a growing number of studies demonstrating the importance of fit between interests and major/career, an increasing discordant rhetoric can be heard emphasizing either STEM or the humanities in education and work. Beam, A. In addition, the 2016 United States President's budget for STEM education increased to $3 billion with little investment in humanities education (Office of Management Budget, 2016). Unfortunately, educational institutions, from grade schools to universities, are attempting to segment academic discipline in exactly the fashion Turner rejects. A merger in vocational interest research: applying Holland's theory to strong's data. These results reveal that it is important to achieve a balanced approach to education and career guidance where individuals can be directed to careers that capture their interest. Bivariate correlations among study variables are reported in Supplementary Table 1. Updated meta-analysis on the relationship between congruence and satisfaction. Real-Time Insight Into The Market For Entry-Level STEM Jobs and STEM Careers. Psychol. They are forced to exist in a world without individualism, dialogue or conflict. (2016, January 29). Promoting interest and performance in high school science classes. World Happiness Report 2015. *Correspondence: Hoda Vaziri, hoda.vaziri@unt.edu, Front. Res. Sir Isaac Newton, for example, is known to most as the mathematician and physicist who developed the three laws of motion and law of universal gravitation. Office of Management Budget (2016). Grocers? Humanities centers and institutes are key to improving the image of the humanities among the public and policy makers, writes Aaron R. Hanlon. American Academy of Arts Sciences (2013). Received: 05 December 2018; Accepted: 21 November 2019; Published: 17 December 2019. RWA decomposes the predicted variance in a regression model into weights that indicate the relative contribution of the predictor variables. Participants were on average male (58%), Caucasian (91%), and married (68%). STEM experts tend to focus on narrower and narrower slices of their areas of expertise while arts and humanities experts often focus on broad challenges facing humanity. doi: 10.1177/1745691612449021, Nye, C. D., Su, R., Rounds, J., and Drasgow, F. (2017). Meir, E. I. Furthermore, past research has not examined the differential effect of fit perceptions across majors. Below, we discuss the implications of our study along with its limitations. Research with a more diverse sample can establish the generalizability of these results. 57, 11–22. Beyond money: progress on an economy of well-being. 37, 522–553. A growing number of elected officials are also advocating for the elimination of state funding for students majoring in humanities (Kiley, 2013; Beam, 2016; Cohen, 2016). On the other hand, perception of interest fit was a significant and positive predictor of all well-being and financial outcomes, suggesting that those who experienced more fit between their job and their interests not only reported higher levels of work satisfaction (b = 0.62, p < 0.001), but also higher levels of life satisfaction (b = 0.57, p < 0.001), financial satisfaction (b = 0.04, p < 0.001), and personal income (b = 0.29, p < 0.001). The results of the regression analysis (Table 2) suggested that even after controlling for cognitive ability and ability/motivation, perception of interest fit was a significant predictor of work satisfaction (b = 0.53, p < 0.001), life satisfaction (b = 0.35, p < 0.001), and financial satisfaction (b = 0.07, p < 0.05), but not personal income (b = 0.05, p > 0.05). 7, 384–403. In view of this, our goal is to examine how the fit between personal interests and job compares with STEM or the humanities educational track in explaining a variety of well-being and economic outcomes. Although these finding should be treated with caution for a couple of reasons. Between 2009 and 2015, the number of STEM major in bachelors-and-above programs grew by 43%, while humanities declined negative 0.4%. Psychol. Waiters? While there has been a growing desire to channel and groom more young individuals to move into STEM careers, proponents of the humanities have challenged this idea. Choose from hundreds of free courses or pay to earn a Course or Specialization Certificate. Methods 7, 238–257. J. Vocat. doi: 10.1006/jvbe.2000.1771, Stanford Humanities Center (2017). Available online at: http://nscresearchcenter.org/snapshotreport-degreeattainment3/#more-2111, Tonidandel, S., and LeBreton, J. M. (2015). Consistent with prior research (Campbell and Holland, 1972; Spokane et al., 2000; Nauta, 2010), these findings point to the importance of an individual's interests when making decisions about his or her major and future career. As such, we hypothesize that: Hypothesis 1: Educational track is a more important predictor of personal income than interest fit. The choice of majoring in STEM or humanities must be motivated by a fascination and intrigue in said subject — not from societal pressures and myths. However, as statistics blogger Nate Silver has pointed out, this trend can be partly explained by the fact that more people are pursuing higher education. Such a proposal is in line with past career theories (e.g., Holland's theory of career choice), suggesting that the fit between the individual's values, interests, and abilities and his/her career is a major determinant of success and satisfaction (Campbell and Holland, 1972; Spokane et al., 2000; Nauta, 2010). Humanities majors encourage analysis, critical-thinking, and a vast knowledge of various topics. In other words, while financial metrics of personal income point to an advantage for STEM majors, human well-being metrics are mainly a function of the individual's perception of fit, and lack of fit may result in lower well-being independent of the major field of study. Why we still need to study the humanities in a STEM world (iStock) By Valerie Strauss Valerie Strauss Reporter covering education, foreign affairs … HV and LT wrote the paper. Despite a growing number of studies demonstrating the importance of fit between interests and major/career, an increasing discordant rhetoric can be heard emphasizing either STEM or the humanities in education and work. Governors have talked about or taken steps to defund college programs that don’t lead to jobs. In the 1960s, Alan Ginsberg bemoaned what he saw as the dominant culture oppressing artistic creativity. Analysis of a national data set of college graduates (N = 8,151) shows that interest fit accounted for more variance in well-being outcomes (work satisfaction, life satisfaction, and financial satisfaction) as compared to STEM or humanities education, and an equivalent amount of variance was found in personal income. Person–environment Congruence and Holland's theory: a review and reconsideration. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine a person-centric approach in occupational choice rather than a top-down unilateral channeling of individuals into these fields. STEM provides job specific training but, in isolation, fails to offer a broad foundation for further career development, leaving students at risk when jobs in their designated STEM fields are unavailable — which is a looming possibility. Their chosen field of study, or hopefully multiple fields of study, should expand both their academic knowledge and understanding of who they are as a person. The data were used under license for the current study and are not publicly available. 98, 138–151. J. Vocat. (1994). Weighing in at 555,545 U.S. graduates in 2016, STEM is a fierce opponent whose curriculum seeks proficiency in traditionally hard sciences, which rely on testable predictions, controlled experiments, mathematical models, quantifiable data and objectivity. “Knowing science kind of stands in for smartness in a way that knowing Shakespeare used to stand in for that,” Deborah Fitzgerald, a history of technology professor at MIT, told C&EN. “STEAM” represents STEM plus the arts – humanities, language arts, dance, drama, music, visual arts, design and new media. “The opportunity to become better able to understand and grapple with complex moral issues, the complexities and intricacies of humanity.”. Thus, these results may not be generalizable to other samples with older participants or students graduating from Liberal Arts institutions. More of STEM vs STEM + Liberal Arts vs Liberal Arts, and I would clearly choose the middle option. The Those who dare to step out of the popular realm and pursue a major in the humanities may not be given the same respect compared to their peers pursuing STEM majors. Society continually degrades these professions and yet fundamentally relies on them. While the nature of the constructs included in our study (e.g., well-being outcomes) require self-reports, future research should incorporate others-reported measures in addition to self-reports to further validate our results. Given that we are interested in exploring the most important predictors of well-being outcomes, we also conducted relative weight analysis (RWA; Johnson and Lebreton, 2004; Tonidandel and LeBreton, 2015). Aristotelianism, Platonism, Stoicism and other later philosophical schools similarly explored metaphysics, ethics and morality in addition to what modern readers consider hard sciences — mathematics, cosmology and natural philosophy (or physics). 13, 216–232. Pythagoras, whom you can thank for the Pythagorean Theorem of right triangles, founded a religious brotherhood whose studies included the metaphysics of numbers, music, astronomy and even the nature of souls. Accordingly, as a society, we need to encourage adolescents and youths to make career decision not solely from an economic perspective, but from a broader, and long-term, well-being perspective, so that they can thrive and flourish. 23, 98–103. 2, 353–376. The main difference between STEM and STEAM is STEM explicitly focuses on scientific concepts. Matt Bevin wants state colleges and universities to produce more electrical engineers and less french literature scholars. While proponents of STEM majors rely heavily on the economic advantages of STEM degrees, we argue that such an emphasis on solely economic outcomes may omit or even mislead what is valued by individuals and societies (Diener and Seligman, 2004); therefore, a broader metrics of human well-being should be considered. classes than the number of hard science classes taken by English / History / Sociology / etc majors. These fields were then coded based on whether they were humanities or STEM. J. Science 326, 1410–1412. Multiple regression is appropriate for this study as it examines whether a set of independent variables significantly predicts the outcome of interest. Controlling for demographic factors, we examined whether interest fit can predict well-being outcomes above and beyond the major field (Table 1). Foster our language? Hypothesis 2: Interest fit is a more important predictor of well-being outcomes (i.e., work satisfaction, life satisfaction, and financial satisfaction) than educational track. doi: 10.1037/a0018213, Nye, C. D., Su, R., Rounds, J., and Drasgow, F. (2012). Behav. Bivariate correlations among the study variables are reported in Supplementary Table 2. (1989). Between 2009 and 2015, the number of STEM major in bachelors-and-above programs grew by 43%, while humanities declined negative 0.4%. Accordingly, future research is needed to further our understanding of why STEM majors may sustain more detrimental outcomes when there is a lack of fit. Recent Legislation in Kentucky 4. Psychol. At the same time, I don’t believe we have any systematic way of imagining or hypothesizing other than the humanities.”. Happiness, income satiation and turning points around the world. 69, 64–89. The editor and reviewers' affiliations are the latest provided on their Loop research profiles and may not reflect their situation at the time of review. Participants were, on average, male (51%), Caucasian (88%), and unmarried (81%). Manage. What is surprising, however, is that despite the recognition of the importance of fit in prior research, as a society, we are moving toward a climate in which studying in STEM majors are overemphasized, humanities majors are undervalued, and more competent individuals are channeled and pressured into STEM careers. As a sociology teacher of mine once noted, a society that only produces doctors and lawyers is doomed to fail. And businesses have increasingly asked for workers with STEM or more general technical skills. Women are overrepresented, compared to their 49% share of the U.S. college-age population in 2012, among recipients of bachelor’s degrees in psychology, biological/agricultural sciences, and social sciences. Crafting a job: revising employees as active crafters of their work. Here, we report rescaled relative weights (RS-RW) which represent the weights as the percentage of explained variance. STEM Attrition: College Students’ Paths Into and Out of STEM Fields Statistical Analysis Report NOVEMBER 2013 Xianglei Chen RTI International Matthew Soldner Project Officer National Center for Education Statistics NCES 2014-001 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF Acad. Inside Higher Ed. Accordingly, longitudinal research is needed to better understand how interest fit during college would affect future well-being outcomes. Public Interest 5, 1–31. Janitors? We propose that perception of interest fit is more important than the domain itself per se. Despite a rich, ancient history attesting to the intimately connected nature of these disciplines, society slowly began cleaving them from one another, often claiming practical superiority of STEM. Students in these disciplines would benefit to know their origins, development and religious implications. Whether this is attributed to career prospects, financial security or job availability, STEM fields seem to be gaining a perception of superiority compared to other majors. RWA analysis (Supplementary Figure 3) suggested that interest fit accounts for 55, 24, 6, and 3% of the explained variance for work satisfaction, life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, and personal income, respectively. Indicator 26: STEM Degrees (Last Updated: February 2019) Overall, a higher percentage of bachelor’s degrees were awarded to females than to males in 2015–16 (58 vs. 42 percent). In one corner of this academic boxing ring stands STEM: Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. Humanities traditionally include disciplines such as history, languages, literature, philosophy, classical studies, religion, art, law, politics and human geography. J. Vocat. Nat. doi: 10.1007/s10869-014-9351-z, Tsabari, O., Tziner, A., and Meir, E. I. One concern in the first study is that individuals' personality and ability level may confound with perception of interest fit. History and use of relative importance indices in organizational research. Diener, E., and Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). doi: 10.1177/1069072704273165, Wrzesniewski, A., and Dutton, J. E. (2001). Sci. Particularly, Study 2 utilizes a sample of recent college graduates from a large Midwestern university, which is a heavily STEM-focused institution. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2005.11.003, Tizon, C. (2013). While these ongoing and opposing discourses may be helpful, we propose that a unilateral approach from either perspective may limit our understanding of the value that STEM or the humanities provide to individuals and that it is important to consider these benefits in light of each individuals' unique set of interests. These findings are in line with the data reporting that STEM careers offer a considerable salary premium over non-STEM jobs (BurningGlass, 2013). and Political Science hold that STEM degrees do not. 26, 179–201. For example, an RS-RW of 50% means that the predictor accounts for 50% of the explained variance in the outcome. My experience was that STEM majors took far more English / History / Sociology / etc. Hum. Statistics published by Eurostat in June 2017 show similar trends in subjects studied by male and female students in higher education across the EU. No significant interaction between interest fit and the major field was found. “It’s a placeholder for ‘my kid is a smart kid.’ The danger is in the parents of kids at elite universities who really think their kids just have to zero in on that science.”. Within the humanities, one can learn another language, which can open the window into a new culture, a new worldview.”. J.K. Rowling, weaver of magical worlds, majored in classical studies and French. 35, 219–230. However, research also suggests that income is not linearly related to well-being indices such as emotional well-being and that there is a satiation point, after which limited gain or even lower evaluation is observed (Jebb et al., 2018). Parents and academic counselors encouraged STEM studies as they thought it increased the likelihood of their children and students getting jobs after graduation, especially in wake of the recession. Though an understandable sentiment, it is unfortunately not completely accurate. Detailed information about the operationalization of variables is included in the Supplementary Materials. But he also mastered Latin, dove into the mechanical philosophy of French philosopher René Descartes and even devoted his later years to interpretation of religious prophecies. Those with applied STEM majors earned nearly 50 percent more than social science and history majors at ages 23 to 25, but only 10 percent more by ages 38 to 40. Vocational interests and performance: a quantitative summary of over 60 years of research. Available online at: http://shc.stanford.edu/why-do-humanities-matter, Terence, T. J. G., and Robbins, S. B. But these are only temporary fixes on a small scale. Inspire our creativity? The humanities crisis is multifaceted. This speaks to a broader point: the whole question of whether a student should choose Stem versus the humanities, or a vocational course versus a liberal arts degree, might be … doi: 10.1038/s41562-017-0277-0, Johnson, J. W., and Lebreton, J. M. (2004). Accordingly, we argue that the person-centric perspective in major and occupational choice may be more important than a top-down directive of channeling students to STEM careers or conversely to careers in the humanities. 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