The participation rate was 72%. Shortly afterward, the water level returned to normal and water temperature decreased. This indicates that the rate at which magma was flowing into the magma chamber roughly equaled the rate at which it was being lost due to the eruption, giving evidence that this phase of volcanic activity reached equilibrium. [1], Seismic activity started at the end of 2009 and gradually increased in intensity until on 20 March 2010, a small eruption began, rated as a 1 on the volcanic explosivity index.[2]. The erupting lava cooled very fast, which created a cloud of highly abrasive, glass-rich ash. [53], The Icelandic Food and Veterinary Authority released an announcement on 18 April 2010, asking that all horse owners who keep their herds outside be on the alert for ash fall. This study was conducted during November 2010–March 2011, 6–9 months after the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. The crater was inactive during the last 187 years. This study was conducted during November 2010-March 2011, 6-9 months after the Eyjafjallajökull eruption.Adult (18-80 years of age) eruption-exposed South Icelanders (N=1148) and a control population of residents of Skagafjörður, North Iceland (N=510). The participation rate … After that, many further vapour explosions occurred. Thank you for your interest in spreading the word on European Respiratory Society . About 20 countries closed their airspace to commercial jet traffic and it affected approximately 10 million travellers. The recent eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in southern Iceland first began as a 500 m long fissure on 20 March 2010. Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address, Eyjafjallajökull 2010: Respiratory morbidity and symptoms following exposure to a volcanic eruption, Systemic inflammatory profile associated with exposure time to burning sugarcane, Clinico-radiological and functional assessment of respiratory symptomatics with either exposure to biomass fuel smoke or tobacco smoking, Burnt sugarcane harvesting is associated with short and long term alterations in systemic and pulmonary inflammatory markers, 6.2 Occupational and Environmental Health. However, the second phase of Eyjafjallajökull's eruption lasted longer than that of Mount Pinatubo. [50] The concentration of water-soluble fluoride was one-third of the concentration typical in Hekla eruptions, with a mean value of 104 mg of fluoride per kg of ash. The nature of the volcanic hazard – type, frequency, magnitude Discussion: Six months after the Eyjafjallajökull eruption our results indicate that the presence of volcanic ash is associated with two to three times higher recent upper airway symptom rates among the exposed population compared to the unexposed. Conclusion: Exposure to volcanic ash may increase respiratory morbidity symptoms six months post eruption, but long-term consequences are still unknown. These two erupting fissures shared the same magma chamber, according to geophysicists. An eruption began in South Iceland in late evening of 20 March 2010 at the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system (also known as Eyjafjöll volcano – Global Volcanism Program Volcano number 1702-02=). 2. The first phase of the eruption lasted from 20 March to 12 April 2010 and was characterised by olivine basaltic andesite lava flowing from various eruptive vents on the flanks of the mountain. The second phase was estimated to be a VEI 4 eruption, which was large, but not nearly the most powerful eruption possible by volcanic standards. 2007], Eyjafjallajökull in 2010 and lastly Grímsvötn in 2011. It erupted three times in 2010—on 20 March, April–May, and June. Questions: a) When did the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull begin and how long did the eruption last? 1), which is overlain by a 200 m thick ice-cap bearing the same name, has produced three eruptions since the tenth century: in 1612, from 1821 to 1823, and the recent 2010 events.Past eruptions have produced very fined-grained ash deposits typically found within a 10 km radius from the Eyjafjallajökull crater (Larsen et al. [18] However, during the night of 22 March, they reported some volcanic ash fall reaching the Fljótshlíð area (20 to 25 km (12 to 16 mi) north-west of the eruption's location)[19] and Hvolsvöllur town (40 kilometres (25 mi) north-west of the eruption location)[19] leaving vehicles with a fine, grey layer of volcanic ash. Night image of Eyjafjallajökull erupting on April 24, 2010. Due to the distance from the radar to the eruption site as well as orographic blockage the radar cannot detect a volcanic plume, or clouds, below 2.9 km [13] The Civil Protection Department[14] of the Icelandic Police produced regular reports about access to the area, including a map of the restricted area around Eyjafjallajokull, from which the public was forbidden. [69], At the mouth of the crater, the gases, ejecta, and volcanic plume have created a rare weather phenomenon known as volcanic lightning (or a "dirty thunderstorm"). A study by the Icelandic Meteorological Office published on December 2009 indicated an increase in seismic activity around the Eyjafjallajökull area during the years 2006–2009. Methods: Six months after the eruption, (fall and winter 2010-11), 1148 exposed South Icelanders and 510 unexposed North Icelanders responded to a questionnaire on recent physical symptoms and questions from the European Community Respiratory Health questionnaire. Eruption Characteristics [4] The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull summit eruption lasted 39 days and erupted 0.27 0.08 km3 tephra (uncompacted volume) in four distinct phases [Gudmundsson et al., 2010]. The direction of the jet stream was unusually stable at the time of the eruption's second phase, continuously southeast. The eruption of Eyjafjallajökull was presaged by a series of earthquakes starting in early March. The lava was alkali olivine basalt[40] and was relatively viscous, causing the motion of the lava stream to the west and east of the fissure to be slow. The eruption was in the form of fire fountains and located to the east of the main Eyjafjallajökull ice cap. The Institute of Earth Sciences[60] made a preliminary estimate of erupted material in the first three days of the eruption on 14 April 2010 at Eyjafjallajökull. Consequently, a very high proportion of flights within, to, and from Europe were cancelled, creating the highest level of air travel disruption since the Second World War. [1] The April–May 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano (Iceland) was characterized by a nearly continuous injection of tephra into the atmosphere that affected various economic sectors in Iceland and caused a global interruption of air traffic. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull erupted. A new phase of the eruption began at approximately 01:00 UTC on 14 April, This, together with the magnitude of the eruption (estimated to be VEI 4)[3] and being 10 to 20 times larger than the eruption of Fimmvörðuháls on 20 March, injected a glass-rich ash plume into the jet stream. This photo was taken at sunrise on a Saturday morning in October, by Ólafur Sigurjónsson who lives in Forsæti III nearby and has done frequent flying across the eruptive area. Data were collected at 2 time points: in 2010 and 2013. [56][66] Many flights within, to, and from Europe were cancelled following 14 April 2010 eruption, and although no commercial aircraft were damaged, the engines of some military aircraft were harmed. [46] Many witnesses were present while the new fissure opened. Discrete ash bursts merged at higher altitude and formed a sustained quasi-continuous eruption column. From 14–20 April, ash from the volcanic eruption covered large areas of Northern Europe. The effects of the eruption were recorded in various places in Europe up to the present day. [33][34][35], On 22 March, a flow meter device in the Krossá glacial river (which drains Eyjafjallajökull and Mýrdalsjökull glaciers) in the Þórsmörk area (a few kilometres north-west of the erupting location) started to record a sudden rise in water level and water temperature – the total water temperature rose by 6 °C (11 °F) over a two-hour period, which had never happened so quickly in the Krossá river since measurements began. The eruption was declared officially over in October 2010, when snow on the glacier did not melt. In the early phases of the eruption, fine-grained ash was ejected up to 10 km into the atmosphere, disturbing air traffic in Europe for days. c) Describe the Lava flow produced by the eruption. In late summer 2009, a subtle shift at a GPS station on the volcano's flank prompted Sigmundsson and his colleagues to begin monitoring the mountain more closely. Explosive activity from this new crater was observed with emission of small quantities of ash. [25] The seismic activity continued to increase, and from 3 to 5 March, close to 3,000 earthquakes were measured having their epicentre at the volcano. 2010 eruption, the Eyjafjallajökull erupted in 1821 to 1823 Figure 1. A short time-lapse from 17 April 2010. MAIN FINDINGS 3.1 First indications of magma movements under Eyjafjallajökull were detected as early as 1992-1994, with increased seismicity followed by episodes of unrest with ground inflation and earthquakes in 1996 and 1999-2000. The earthquake swarm was followed by the onset of a seismic eruption tremor. Some Clips & Images of the 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull Music Credits: Dreaming in 432Hz Unicorn Heads Youtube Audio Library. An eruption began in South Iceland in late evening of 20 March 2010 at the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system (also known as Eyjafjöll volcano – Global Volcanism Program Volcano number 1702-02=). Weil keine Vergleichswerte existierten, wurde der Flugverkehr über Nord- und Mitteleuropa in weiten Teilen und für mehrere Tage eingestellt. The London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC),[15] part of the UK Met Office, was responsible for forecasting the presence of volcanic ash in the north-east Atlantic. [citation needed], A fissure opened up about 150 metres (490 ft) in length running in a north-east to south-west direction, with 10 to 12 erupting lava craters ejecting lava at a temperature around 1,000 °C (1,800 °F) up to 150 m (490 ft) into the air. b) What type of Volcano is Eyjafjallajökull? Eruptive activity during 4–8 May 2010 was characterized based on short‐duration physical (First eruption on 20 March 2010). The eruption was preceded by intense seismicity and high rates of deformation in the weeks before the eruption, in association with magma recharging of the volcano. This summit eruption had a short phreato-magmatic phase in 1821 December which was followed by a year-long period of intermittent magmatic/phreato-magmatic activity and flooding (Larsen et al. Eruptionen 2010. Craters in autumn. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in March and April 2010 posed significant challenges for the people of Iceland as well as millions of people across Europe whose airplanes were grounded due to the high concentrations of volcanic ash. Eyjafjallajökull had shown similar signs of stirring in 1994 and 1999. Results: Demographic characteristics and underlying disease rates were similar in the two groups. The Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull exposed residents in southern Iceland to continuous ash fall for more than 5 weeks in spring 2010. The 2010 eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull were volcanic events at Eyjafjallajökull in Iceland which, although relatively small for volcanic eruptions, caused enormous disruption to air travel across western and northern Europe over an initial period of six days in April 2010. (a) Simplified geological map of SE Iceland showing location of the Eyjafjallajökull and other volcanic systems in the area. Appendices 3. Natural disasters like volcanic eruptions constitute a major public-health threat. The aim of the study was to evaluate the health of the exposed population compared to control population. [citation needed], Samples of volcanic ash collected near the eruption showed a silica concentration of 58%—much higher than in the lava flows. In October 2010, Ármann Höskuldsson, a scientist at the University of Iceland Institute of Earth Sciences, stated that the eruption was officially over, although the area was still geothermally active and might erupt again. The eruption was in the form of fire fountains and located to the east of the main Eyjafjallaj¨okull ice cap. d) Which area of the island was worst affected by the Lava flow? [30][31][32] Inhabitants of the risk zone of Fljótshlíð, Eyjafjöll, and Landeyjar area were allowed to return to their farms and homes after an evening meeting with the Civil Protection Department on 22 March and the evacuation plan was temporarily dismissed. Meltwater started to emanate from the ice cap around 07:00 on 14 April and an eruption plume was observed in the early morning. In the months prior to the the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in southern Iceland, the Icelandic seismic network (SIL) recorded thousands of earthquakes within the volcano. Most of these were too small (magnitude 2) to be interpreted as precursors to an eruption, but some could be detected in nearby towns. The first phase of the 2010 eruption began late on the evening of 20 March at the Eyjafjallajökull. [67][68] The presence and location of the plume depends upon the state of the eruption and the winds. Update on activity in Eyjafjallajökull 2010 Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland. respiratory morbidity compared with 2010, ... Table 3 Risk of respiratory symptoms in 2013 in a popula tion exposed to the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption, by e xposure level. PARTICIPANTS: Adult (18-80 years of age) eruption-exposed South Icelanders (N=1148) and a control population of residents of Skagafjörður, North Iceland (N=510). In early January 2010, the rate of deformation and the number of earthquakes began to increase. Background: The eruption of Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland 2010 posed an opportunity to study health effects of a volcanic eruption in a society with strong infrastructure. Update on activity in Eyjafjallajökull 2010 Eruption in Eyjafjallajökull, Iceland. When the second fissure appeared, the road was closed again because of the danger of flash floods, which could have developed if the fissure had opened near big ice caps or other snow reservoirs, but the road was again opened at around noon on 1 April. The molten lava flowed more than 4,000 m (13,000 ft) to the north-east of the fissure and into Hrunagil canyon, forming a lava fall more than 200 m (660 ft) long and slowly approaching Þórsmörk, but had not yet[update] reached the flood plains of Krossá. Eyjafjallajökull 2010 eruption in Iceland: ... respiratory morbidity and mortality and increased irri- ... longer time periods to volcanic ash and gases have been associated with increases in cardiovascular symptoms8 and increased rates of chronic bronchitis and other respira- The resulting meltwater flowed back into the erupting volcano, which created two specific phenomena: The rapidly vaporising water significantly increased the eruption's explosive power. [54] The thick layer of ash that had fallen on some Icelandic pastures and farms at Raufarfell had become wet and compact, making it very difficult to continue farming, harvesting, or grazing livestock.[55]. The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano was characterized by pulsating activity. Due to the large quantities of dry volcanic ash lying on the ground, surface winds frequently lifted up an "ash mist" that significantly reduced visibility and made web camera observation of the volcano impossible. On April 14, 2010, when meltwaters from the Eyjafjallajökull glacier mixed with hot magma, an explosive eruption sent unusually fine-grained ash into the jet stream. Beginning on 14 April 2010, the eruption entered a second phase and created an ash cloud that led to the closure of most of the European IFR airspace from 15 until 20 April 2010. Disclaimer: the views expressed on this site do not imply endorsement by IAVCEI or its affiliate organizations. It quickly dispersed over Europe. Online ISSN: 1399-3003, Copyright © 2020 by the European Respiratory Society. [17], The radar stations of the Meteorological Institute of Iceland did not detect any appreciable amount of volcanic ashfall during the first 24 hours of the eruption. [7], Eyjafjallajökull (pronounced [ˈɛɪjaˌfjatl̥aˌjœːkʏtl] (listen)) is one of Iceland's smaller ice caps located in the far south of the island. This study was conducted during November 2010–March 2011, 6–9 months after the Eyjafjallajökull eruption. The erupted products were fragmented material, the majority fine-grained airborne tephra. By the morning of 24 May 2010, the view from the web camera installed on Þórólfsfell[57] showed only a plume of water vapour surrounded by a bluish haze caused by emission of sulphurous gases. It was a bit smaller, around 300 m (980 ft) long according to witnesses, and lava coming from it started to flow into Hvannárgil canyon. Situated to the north of Skógar and to the west of the larger ice cap Mýrdalsjökull, Eyjafjallajökull covers the caldera of a volcano 1,666 m (5,466 ft) high, which has erupted relatively frequently since the last ice age. 2010 ). Das kleine Island und sein furioser Vulkan: Der Ausbruch des Eyjafjallajökull hielt im Frühling Europa auf Trab, die Aschewolke störte weltweit den Flugverkehr. Photos of the 2010 eruptions by Fred Kamphues, Volcanic Eyjafjallajökull run off: Seljalandsfoss Waterfall (binaural recording optimised for headphones), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2010_eruptions_of_Eyjafjallajökull&oldid=990444873, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010, Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2010, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, large-scale disruption to air travel, smaller effects on farming in Iceland. The exposed group reported more symptoms during the last 12 months; morning phlegm in winter, OR 1.5 (95%CI 1.3-1.8) and runny or stuffed nose, OR 1.4 (95%CI 1.2-1.6). Ash ejection from this phase of the eruption was small, rising to no more than 4 km (2.5 mi) into the atmosphere. 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